Ap Biology 037 Cell Communication Video Review Sheet Answers

Overview of Cell Signaling

local regula­tors:

~ paracrine: on site release and response of signal molecules

~ synaptic: neurons use ACH

~ jail cell to cell joining

~ long distance regula­tors: deport commun­ication factor to tissue group far from source

~ endocrine: pituitary gland

~ animals: hormones / HGH

~ plants: ethylene CH2 = CH2

~ ex: one bad apple ruins the bunch

Jail cell Commun­ication

Paracrine: target cells lie well-nigh the secreting cell

Juxtac­rine: a ligand on one cell surface binds to a receptor on the other

Autocrine: the secreted molecules act on the secreting prison cell itself

Endocrine: secrete specific hormones into the bloods­tream

Tyrosi­ne-­Kinase Steps

1) Tyrosine Kinase is split up when inactive

ii) Ligand attaches to a receptor

3) Tyrosine Kinase comes together (dimer)

iv) Tyrosine Kinase is phosph­ory­lated with a (P) from ATP

v) The activated Tyrosine will activate relay proteins

Transd­uction Pathways

regulation

specif­icity

amplif­ication

termin­ation

C. Elegans (Apopt­osis)

nemotodes

apoptosis occurs when specific proteins that advance apoptosis override the proteins that "put the brakes­" on apoptosis

Why Should a Prison cell Program its Expiry?

needed for proper develo­pment:

~ metamo­rphosis

~ removes fetal webbing between fingers / toes

~ menstr­uation

~ synapse formation

~ eliminates T cells that cause autoimmune

destroy cells that pose a threat:

~ infected with virus

~ DNA damage

~ cancer cells

Fever

when the phagocytes are overwh­elmed:

~ release a signal to the hypoth­alamus

~ body temper­ature increases

~ increase in metabolism

Inflam­matory Response

"­che­mical alarm"

redness, swelling, rut, hurting

mast cells release histamine:

~ vasodi­lation occurs

~ increase temp = increment in metabolic rate

~ attracts phagocytes

Cell Cycle

life cycle of the prison cell

functions: reprod­uction, growth, repair

Interp­hase:

i) G1: offset gap / growth

2) S: DNA synthesis / Deoxyribonucleic acid is copied

iii) G2: second gap / prepar­ation of prison cell contents for division

mitotic division:

4) the thou phase: cell partition

~ prophase

~ metaphase

~ anaphase

~ telophase

5) cytoki­nesis: completes division of cytopl­asmic contents

G1 Checkpoint

checks for:

~ cell size

~ nutrients

~ growth factors

~ Deoxyribonucleic acid harm

Internal Controls

CDKs: cyclin dependent kinases (proteins)

cyclins: regulatory proteins (must be nowadays)

~ increases as the cell goes through interphase

MPF: mitosis promoting factors in G2

~ cyclin + CDK

APC-An­aphase promoting complex

~ kineto­task fiber connexion

Causes of Cancer

mutations

carcin­ogenic chemicals

UV lite

viruses

oncogenes

p53 genes

What Causes Uncont­rolled Cell Growth?

defects in proteins that control the cell bike

mutations that knock out key genes

Basic Types of Cancer

carcinoma: arises from trunk's outer coverings and inner linings

sarcoma: arises from body'south supporting structures

lymphoma: arises from lymph system

leukemia: arises from cerise marrow in os, spleen

Proto-­onc­ogenes

initiate each phase of the jail cell cycle

agile when atmospheric condition are approp­riate for growth

mutations cause growth to occur at all times

oncogenes promote cancer develo­pment

Steps of Cell Signaling

i) signal reception

~ a prison cell detects a signaling molecule

2) indicate transd­uction

~ a series of chemical reactions that creates a response

3) point response

~ the betoken triggers a cell response

G-Protein Steps

ane) Ligand attaches to receptor

two) Activates the G-protein

iii) Yard-poly peptide moves across membrane

four) G-protein interacts with some other protein in the prison cell membrane

Ion Channel Steps

i) the ion aqueduct is airtight

2) ligand attaches to a receptor

iii) the ion channel opens

4) ions laissez passer through

Cell Response to Betoken

regulation of activities or transc­ription initiation = signals sent to turn on a cistron

ex: testos­terone enters straight into the cell

elaborate pathways amplify and specify responses to signals

Apoptotic Pathways and Signals that Trigger them

caspases are the main proteases (enzymes that cut upwardly proteins) that carry out apoptosis

apoptosis can be triggered past external or internal factors

examples:

~ an extrac­ellular decease-­sig­naling ligand

~ DNA harm in the nucleus

~ protein misfolding in the ER

Positive and Negative Feedback

homeos­tasis: mainta­ining stable internal conditions

negative feedback:

~ shuts off original stimulus

~ ex: thermostat

positive feedback:

~ speeds up the original stimulus

~ ex: gossip

Chemical Signals and Cells (Phago­cytes)

neutro­phils:

~ engulf a pathogen and self-d­estruct

macrop­hages:

~ grabs pathogens with cytopl­asmic extensions

~ engulfs pathogen

~ digests pathogen

~ removes pathogen through exocytosis

natural killer cells:

~ kills cells infected with a class ane MHC protein

when a cell is infected:

~ the cell stops making MHC

~ NK cells poke the infected cell with enzymes

~ triggers apoptosis

Mitosis

Interp­hase: 46 chromo­somes

Prophase: 92 chromo­somes

Promet­aphase: nucleus dissolves and microt­ubules attach to centro­meres

Metaphase: chromo­somes align in the center of the cell

Anaphase: separated chromo­somes pulled apart by spindle fibers

Telophase: microt­ubules disappear and cell sectionalisation begins

Cytoki­nesis: two daughter cells formed

Meiosis Image

Spindle Fibers

centrosome

kineti­task fibers:

~ attach to chromo­somes

~ movements

nonkin­eti­chore fibers:

~ adhere pole to pole

~ support

G2 Checkpoint

checks for:

~ Deoxyribonucleic acid damage

~ Deoxyribonucleic acid replic­ation comple­teness

One thousand (mitosis) Checkpoint

the spindle checkpoint

checks for:

~ chromosome zipper to spindle at metaphase plate

~ 92 spindle fibers

~ 46 chromo­somes

External Factors

chemic factors:

~ nutrients

~ PDGF

physical factors:

~ density dependent

~ anchorage

Disrupt Cell Cycle and Trigger Cancer

genes that end or ho-hum the cell cycle

~ ex: tumor suppressor genes

genes that trigger cell growth and division past initiating different stages of the cell bicycle

~ ex: proto-­onc­ogenes

Steps of Cell Signaling Image

EpiPen (Cell Signaling)

epinep­hrine (adren­aline) is released

hormone / neurot­ran­smitter

endocrine / nervous system

initiates a flight or fight response

triggered past stressors

secreted from adrenal gland

Secondary Messengers

small molecules and ions are fundamental signaling components

cyclic AMP /adenyl cyclase / phosph­odi­est­erase

calcium ion and inosital tripho­sphates IP3

Apoptosis

programmed cell decease

"cell suicid­e"

evolved early on

Apoptosis Cell Death (ways cells die)

injury:	~ mechanical damage
	~ toxic chemicals
suicide:	~ shrink, bleb, fragment
	~ chromatin degrades
	~ mitoch­ondria breaks downwardly
	~ "find me" / "­engulf me" signal

Innate (nonsp­ecific) Allowed System

concrete and chemical barriers that protect the body

1st line of defense force:

~ skin (physical barrier)

~ mucous membranes (chemical and physical barrier; enzymes and defensins)

second line of defense:

~ fever

~ chemical signals

~ inflam­mation

Humoral Response

identi­fic­ation of specific antigens in torso fluid

antigen:

~ bacteria

~ virus

~ fungus

~ toxin

~ diseased cell

Antibodies

protein receptors on the surface of B cells

some antibodies travel freely

antibodies connect with a comple­mentary antigen

Cytoki­nesis

beast cells: cleavage furrow

~ contra­ctile ring of actin involved

plant cells: cell plate

Mitosis Epitome

Cell Bicycle Control

cells should only dissever when needed

internal and external controls

cell cycle command systems (internal command):

~ serial of checkp­oints

~ must pass all checkp­oints to carve up

instance: cellular inspection station

Due south (synth­esis) Checkpoint

checks for:

~ DNA damage

~ prevents redupl­ication of DNA

Jail cell Cycle Image

Cancer

defini­tions of cancer:

~ neoplasm of prolif­erating cells (new tissue growing out of command)

~ cell division out of command

~ cells produced are useless

~ compete with healthy cells for nutrients and oxygen

benigns (non moving) versus malignant (moving)

~ benign is a sedentary mass of cancerous cells

~ malignant is a moving mass of cancerous cells - metastasis

Tumor-­Sup­pressor Genes

p53 (guardian of the genome)

~ p53 protein increases in cells exposed to UV radiation

p53 way of activity­"

one) Dna damage

ii) p53 increases

3) p53 bind to Deoxyribonucleic acid (not at damage site)

4) transc­ription of genes that finish jail cell cycle or lead to prison cell death

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Source: https://cheatography.com/julescrisfulla/cheat-sheets/ap-bio-unit-4-cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/

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